And my life really changed after that." Safran Foer graduated with an A.B. In 1995, while a freshman at Princeton University, he took an introductory writing course with author Joyce Carol Oates, who took an interest in his writing, telling him that he had "that most important of writerly qualities, energy." Safran Foer later recalled that "she was the first person to ever make me think I should try to write in any sort of serious way. Safran Foer attended Georgetown Day School and in 1994 traveled to Israel with other North American Jewish teenagers in a program sponsored by Bronfman youth fellowships. Safran Foer was a "flamboyant" and sensitive child who, at the age of 8, was injured in a classroom chemical accident that resulted in "something like a nervous breakdown drawn out over about three years," during which "he wanted nothing, except to be outside his own skin." His older brother, Franklin, is a former editor of The New Republic and his younger brother, Joshua, is the founder of Atlas Obscura and of Sefaria. Safran Foer is the middle son of a Jewish family. Safran Foer was born in Washington, D.C., as the son of Albert Foer, a lawyer and president of the American Antitrust Institute, and Esther Safran Foer, a child of Holocaust survivors born in Poland, who is now Senior Advisor at the Sixth & I Historic Synagogue. He teaches creative writing at New York University. He is known for his novels Everything Is Illuminated (2002), Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (2005), Here I Am (2016), and for his non-fiction works Eating Animals (2009) and We Are the Weather: Saving the Planet Begins at Breakfast (2019). Jonathan Safran Foer ( / f ɔːr/ born February 21, 1977) is an American novelist.
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There are good amplifier designs and cheap amplifier designs, and you get what you pay for.Īmplifiers ingest weak TV signals and make them stronger. Amplifiers can do a lot of good, but they can also create problems for TV reception. Everyone knows what an amplifier is, but there’s plenty of misunderstanding about how TV amplifiers work and when to use them. A weak wheather channel are good for VHF and on UHF you could use a constant transmitting control channel.For this month’s post, we’re going to focus on TV antenna amplifiers. To evaluate all this you'll need a steady signal, preferable a weak one with lots of noise. A simple filter that also will attenuate some on other frequencies are a stub filter and are easy to cut You the very easy see if the filter is effective or you can tune any filter to the exact frequency. It's easy to set up to be able to look at the frequency spectrum and see where any offending strong transmitters are. One thing that everyone should have are a cheap tv usb dongle for $10. If the end result isn't much better than without an amplifier then there is probably a frequency that needs a special filter. If there is a noticable differense towards a better reception when the fm filter are put between amp and antenna then the amplifier is suffering from desencing and the fm filter needs to be remained between antenna and amplifier, or go for a better amplifier. They are cheap and effective and first trying them between scanner and amplifier will make their pass thru attenuation negligibel. When dealing with amplifiers I would suggest to first try them out at the scanner, with the variable attenuater in between. You can get away with some wide band preamps if your out in the sticks but you won't know if it will work until you try it. Otherwise if I use most models of Mini-Circuits, cable TV amps, etc, my reception gets worse due to the general high levels of RF in the area I live. Most of those work fantastic bringing weak signals out of the noise but most of these were designed to have narrow band pass filters in front of them to only allow a tiny slice of the band to pass through feeding repeater receivers. I have a bunch of Angle Linear preamps but they range from maybe 10MHz wide to 100MHz wide and are band specific. I have one particular wide band 1-1000MHz preamp made by a MU-DEL who makes receive front end equipment for Govt customers, and that is one of the few that amplify ok, without raising the noise floor very much and I can actually hear weak signals a little better. If I was only looking at the strong signals I would think the preamp is working great, but its really not. Adding most preamps kills off the weak signals and they get buried in the noise, where slightly stronger signals are now fuzzy and noisy sounding and the strong signals are much stronger on the S meter but now I have an S3 to S5 noise floor where before I had zero. This is because most preamps I use here are being overloaded to some extent and the thousands of signals passing through it is creating thousands of IMD signals that are adding to the noise floor.įor example, if I'm receiving VHF air band on an Icom R-7100, a receiver that is not known for overloading easily, I can hear distant weak aircraft signals to a certain extent with a noise floor of about zero. Sure the S meter reads more with the preamp but the noise floor goes up more and out of proportion to the signals I want to receive. Where I live nearly all wide band preamps I've tried make reception worse on many bands. Two USB dongles, on two different ST2 antennas, both with LNA-580 preamps at the base. I have lots of DC Blocks and they're cheaper than my preamps, so I normally use one. I didn't attach this initially, but it shows a way to feed DC up the coax with a DC block BEFORE the preamp.ĭepending on the Bias-Eee you use, you may not need it. There's some additional information in this thread. I use PVC pipe and fittings to make a housing for them. Mini-Circuits ZQL-1900MLN for 500 MHz and up including aircraft ASD-B RF Bay LNA-580 for everything below 600 MHz You can see the housing below one of them. You didn't mention the range(s) you want to cover or the price range you have in mind.īut, this is the setup I use for six of my antennas that have a preamp mounted right at the base of them.Īlso, it's a good idea to have some way to control the signal level. Right-click on the Mesh body in the Fusion 360 Browser > Select Mesh to BRep.ĭirect modeling mode empowers you to define and capture geometry quickly, without spending time worrying about features, constraints, and original design intent. 0:00 / 13:22 STL to Solid in Fusion 360 How to Convert an. The modeling environment is now in direct modeling mode. The parametric timeline has been removed (pictured below). Click 'continue' to enter direct modeling mode. The was to import obj files, the second was to convert mesh to solid. To enter direct modeling mode, right-click on the Fusion 360 Browser > select "Do Not Capture Design History."Ī warning dialog will appear. 1 2 Next Message 1 of 24 SGoldthwaite 89672 Views, 23 Replies 03-09-2015 03:49 PM Convert STL mesh to solid model I imported an STL model into Fusion3D (you can see it here: ). Python version: 2.7.8 Qt version: 4.8.6 Coin version: 4.0.0a OCC version: 6.8.0.oce-0.17 Okay, I'm new at this and have spent hours trying to perform a few simple functions. A workflow on how to go from a 'bad' mesh to a dimension sketch and good solid body in Fusion 3600:00 Intro1:30 Insert Mesh2:05 Symmetry of part2:18 Mesh Sec. Convert STL mesh to a Solid Body In Just 3 Minute Fusion 360. The generated solid or surface body is not complete. Compute Failed Not all facegroups of the mesh body could be converted. Mesh to BRep is only available in Direct Modeling Mode. When using Convert Mesh to create a solid body in Fusion 360, surface bodies are created instead of a solid body and the warning 'compute failed' is shown. See our step-by-step tutorial on YouTube. As of July 2021, you will now use "Convert Mesh" in the new Mesh tools. You would like to convert a mesh file to a BRep (solid body) in Fusion 360 and cannot find the "Mesh to BRep" option. The BRep to Mesh tool is used to convert the selected solid body into mesh. But there is alway work arounds.Mesh to BRep Missing in Fusion 360 Issue: The selected file will be displayed in the MESH Workspace window. dianachipana if you can post your design, and what exactly you are trying to achieve, we can provide more detailed advice. If you need help, if you find a new technique that you love, if you think you have a bug, let us know We also love it when you post your tips. It would appear that it is not possible to convert a brep solid to a t spline. This sub is for any and all content related to Autodesk AutoCAD Fusion 360. Forgive me but I do not see that you answers are related to my particular question. That conversion is not mathematically possible. I have tried convert in both modes and the function is the same: worthless. I've been using fusion for a better part of a year and there still is not sliver bullet for converting STL into solid bodies. There is no conversion from a BRep body (solid) to a Form body (TSpline). Even something as simple as a 2d contour cut will be an issue because fusion won't allow you to select the contour of an STL. But it will get you started on the correct path.įWIW Fusion can machine STLs directly you just have WAY less options. Then import mesh into fusion, go to form mode, utilities, convert mesh into t-spline. If there are duplicate vertices, fusion will give you and error but won't tell you why. never done this before and would appreciate a idiots guide if possible, have tried to reduce mesh to about 15,000 but still cant get the hang of it Can email the. Make sure to delete any duplicate vertices after you convert into a quad mesh. I have a rather large stl file that I want to convert so a solid, but when i try it appears to remain a mesh file. Blender can do that for you, there is a learning curve. Using Mesh Mixer I changed the original STL to a solid then brought it in to Fusion, reduced the mesh then converted it to a BRep. First thing is covert the STL into a quad mesh then re-save as a OBJ file. I have an STL of a skull i have cleaned up and converted to what I thought was a body. Solder pads can be sent behind copper traces to allow creating white border around traces on top of a ground plane Hookup wire can be sent to back behind boards Do not allow creating zero-length components (e.g. Moved config and auto-save file locations to standard user directory instead of using the app directory Added wizard installer for Windows that associates the app with. Ability to set project-wide default font through 'Edit Project Settings' dialog Zooming (somewhat) tracks mouse cursor position Hold Control key to zoom with mouse wheel. Added 'Recent Files' to the main menu to keep track of the previous 10 files Component type gets selected while expanding folders in the component tree Editable humbucker pickup pole pieces (rods or rails) and pole piece color Editable single coil pickup pole pieces (rods or rails) and pole piece color Improved resistor rendering to look more realistic Improved rotation and mirroring of multiple components at the same time Applying a variant/template shouldn't affect component placement Renamed "template" to "variant" as it is describes the meaning more closely Ability to rotate tube sockets for arbitrary angle and change color Ability to type in hex value in color editor Ability to quickly save a group of components as a building block and use it later Use this to file a request and I'll add when I can.ģ) it's a bit complicated, granularity is 2px at the moment.Ĥ) yes, right click and then go to Select menu and it will offer everything that's under the cursor, no matter how "deep". Is there a way to select trace endpoints or pads located beneath a component ? "Bring to front" "push to back" etc does not seem to work, the mouse always picks the component.ġ) no at the moment, but you can use an additional piece of wire and configure it to look like a component leadĢ) no, why would I hide additional components? TO-220 is already available and I'm gradually adding more components. Is there a way to go down to 0.5mm (metal film capacitors in mind) ?Ĥ. The body dimension of components seem to jump by 1mm increments. It would also be nice if copy & paste kept the grouping (the SW pastes them as ungrouped parts).įortunately, elements are kept in copy buffer when closing a project and opening a different one, so there is a turnaround.ģ. So I could get away with this if there were an option to save grouped elements as templates. So far I build them with separate parts : any available standard part that enables correct pin spacing and then drawing line boxes to make for the actual shape and eventually grouping them. Is there a Library with additional components somewhere ? Right now I'm missing small transformers, Mouser 42TM018 or similar as well as additional package types (TO-220 right now). for big electrolytics on a crowded PCB.Ģ. Is there a way to locate it off-center (or even better : free body location) while keeping the pins where they are ? Would be usefull e.g. Is there a way to move separate legs on components ? Whatever the pin spacing, the component is always centered between legs. I just wanted to thank you for this wonderful tool. Children will enjoy the Lil’ Squirts Lagoon and the Rain Fortress, where you can shoot water cannons and stand under a tipping bucket. There are also three slides at the top of a 60-foot tower. The most popular ride at Castaway Island is the tidal river, a lazy river with waves. We recommend hitting up the Boston Tea Party flume ride as the perfect transition between dry and wet! Head to the amusement park for a few hours, then cool off in the water park or spend a day in each for the ultimate experience. While it might not get as much attention as Canobie’s roller coasters like the Yankee Cannonball, Castaway Island is perfect on a warm summer day! Read More: Fun Things to Do in Portsmouth, NHĪ post shared by Canobie Lake Park Castaway Island at Canobie Lake ParkĬastaway Island is the water park within Canobie Lake Park in Salem, a fun theme park for the entire family. Opening season: Water Country is open from late June through early September.Īdmission: Tickets start at $34.99 for adults and $29.99 for kids. Have young kids? Water Country has stuff for them, too, including kid-friendly areas like Olly Octopus and Pirate’s Pool and Lagoon. Von Dark’s Tunnel of Terror, and a 58-foot slide called the Patriot you’ll also find more moderate rides like the Adventure River, a lazy river flowing around the park, New England’s largest wave pool, and Thunder Falls and Wild Canyon, a fun and easygoing slide for groups of up to four. Water Country is known for its wide variety of water rides. Here you have enough thrill rides and easygoing rides that there’s something for everyone. Water Country is not only the largest water park in New Hampshire, it’s the largest water park in New England! Its convenient location right off the highway in Portsmouth makes it popular with kids and adults of all ages (and easy day trip from neighboring states). Outdoor Water Parks in New Hampshire Water Country What is the best water park in New Hampshire?Įveryone has their own favorite, but Water Country (outdoor water park) and Kahuna Laguna (indoor water park) tend to top the lists! The wave pool at Water Country, courtesy of Water Country. The side window is mainly (but not completely) a cut through a face which is rotated with respect to the central part of the back of the coach, where the door is placed (with a window cut along the y axis), perpendicular to the face it is cutting. In these cases, the sketch remains attached to the surface I used as reference, the positioning of the frame extrusions is relative to it. I did similarly for the side window frames. I added a fillet on the spicky front corner. I created a sketch attached on the front face of the cabin, I drew the border of the frame extracting the borders of the cut as external geometry references, then I created an extrusion and I positioned it slightly backward with respect to the front surface. the xy plane, which is not perpendicular to the front face of the cabin). The final object is a solid with a rectangular section, running around the window borders, at some distance from the front surface, lying on the surface of the cut through section plane (i.e. Then I wanted to add a the frame to be placed inside the window cut, representing the rubber seal in the real case, where the modeler can glue the film representing the window glass. I placed the sketch at the origin of the axes, oriented it on the xz plane, created a pad long enough to intersect completely the front slopes of the cabin and cut them out from the cabin shape. The front of the cabin has two main slopes where these cutouts will be made, along the longitudinal axis of the train, which is not perpendicular to the external sloping surface. Starting from the blueprint I created the sketch of half of the front projection of the windscreen and the front lights housing. I already faced some challenging issues related to the positioning and orientation of pads and extrusions, as well as the detachment of sketches from surfaces and their repositioning: the front window of the cabin, the right side window of the back, the side windows of the body.
Stickman Revenge 3: League of Heroes APK is definitely a great Action app for Android, and has been already downloaded 4953 times here at ! You'll love its gameplay for sure and we hope you'll enjoy it! If you have some spare moments, please scroll down and review this app by giving a valuable feedback and sharing your experience about Stickman Revenge 3: League of Heroes APK, to help people from all around the world to know what you think about it. If you're a guest, just Login (or Register, if you're not part of our community, it just takes 20 seconds) and the Download link will appearĭownload link not appearing? Don't panic: watch this simple video tutorial about how to install Stickman Revenge 3: League of Heroes APK or ask help to our community. Download free Stickman Revenge 3 1.6.2 for your Android phone or tablet, file size: 30.97 MB, was updated 2 Requirements:android: 6.0 Marshmallow. You'll reach a page which will redirect you to our forum within a few seconds (if that doesn't happen, press the "Proceed" button at the top of that page).Be ready to wipe out the enemy cruel monster and their obstacles by unprecedented features in Stickman Revenge 2Stick War deserves as one of the best stickman games worth playing ever.Graphics have been updated. Click on one of the green "Download" buttons above stickman androidgameplay androidrakunDon't forget to Like, Share and SubscribeWatch also My Playlist:Android Games Compilation. Stickman Revenge 3 will come back with a new look, new Stickman characters, new Stickman skills, new stick pets.You can download Stickman Revenge 3: League of Heroes APK in three simple steps: How to download Stickman Revenge 3: League of Heroes APK? In Stickman Revenge 3, Stickman and Stickman warriors not only have to confront the monsters with various shapes and different mode of attack, but also to destroy the most dangerous Group Boss Monster with incredible power. They speed up the process of evacuating water and keep the tires in contact with the pavement. On wet and snowy surfaces, these tires provide improved safety thanks to traction claws, open shoulder slots, and 3D steps, which work together to optimize grip and traction. The staggered shoulder lugs provide improved grip on soft roads, sand, gravel, mud, and other loose small debris or rough terrain. In actual drive tests, the tires hold up to the manufacturer’s claims. They also give this tire an overall 4 out of 5 stars ranked #16 out of 33 in all-terrain tires. Tire Rack customers rate the Bridgestone Dueler A/T Revo 3 in the following categories: They succeed at mitigating the risk of hydroplaning, provide strong traction and bite on multiple terrains, and offer an extended tread life. The consensus is that they offer stable and confident handling of various road conditions and trailblazing, as well as outstanding response. Review sites across the board are seeing these tires get between four and five stars from customers who sing their praises. The reviews are in on these tires, and they are exceptional. Still, as the warranty indicates, these tires have an exceptionally long tread life, among the best in their class, particularly if you primarily use them on the road. At this point, the tire should be immediately replaced, or you may suffer worsened traction, especially on wet or snowy roads. When the tires are that low, these tread wear indicators, or TWIs, are flush with the surface. The tires have a minimum legal tread of 2/32 of an inch. These are recessed when the tire is new but become more visible with wear. Maintenance indicators and schedules are industry standard, with rubber bars built into the tire grooves. It’s yet another good reason to adopt these tires for your truck or crossover SUV. This warranty solidifies itself within the best mileage warranties available in the all-terrain tire sector. Workmanship and materials are covered for five years with free replacement for the first three years, prorated after that until the remaining tire depth is 2/32 of an inch.īridgestone also offers a special 90-day buy and try guarantee. The warranty doesn’t cover tires that have worn down to 2/32 of an inch. These tires come with a limited warranty of 60,000 miles for non-LT sizes and 50,000 miles for LT sizes, which means many have a warranty that’s 10,000 miles greater than the outgoing Revo 2 model. The Bridgestone Warranty and Maintenance Schedulesīridgestone is famed for its warranty coverage, and the Dueler A/T Revo 3 is no different. It’s designed to be an all-season, all-terrain tire built specifically for crossovers and trucks that have to get the job done, including light- and medium-duty pickup trucks or refined-handling crossover SUVs. The tire is also built so that the balanced tread pattern provides similar wear and can handle chips, tears, and road damage while also delivering authoritative handling and braking. 3D steps combined with open shoulder slots are designed to move water out of the tire’s way and prevent hydroplaning. The Dueler A/T Revo 3 accomplishes this with groove stepping that stiffens the tread blocks for enhanced performance off-road, while staggered shoulder lugs provide extra traction in terrain like snow, mud, gravel, and uneven surfaces. It also performs in any condition, no matter what nature deciders to throw at you. It accomplishes all this without sacrificing comfort, consistently delivering a smooth and quiet ride. What Is the Bridgestone Dueler A/T Revo 3?Īccording to the manufacturer, the Bridgestone Dueler A/T Revo 3 is an all-season, all-terrain tire for light trucks, SUVs, and CUVs that offers superb handling and traction on the road and while blazing trails off-road. It incorporates some of the latest technologies available to provide high performance on road and off, but how does it live up to the Bridgestone reputation? Read on for a review of the Bridgestone Dueler A/T Revo 3. The Dueler A/T Revo 3 is the latest generation of all-season tires for light- to medium-duty trucks. Bridgestone is among the largest tire manufacturers in the world with an impressive variety of tires available for anything from street performance and off-roading to a more multi-purpose all-season tire. Yes, this is way too much to pay for a “music player,” in my book. And, because it’s got the App Store, you can also opt for alternate services like Spotify, Amazon Music, YouTube and the like (so long as you can access a Wi-Fi hotspot), in addition to or instead of the Apple Music app. It works seamlessly with Bluetooth headphones and speakers, but you’ll need a pesky Lightning adapter to use old-school headphones. The latter will cost you about $429 all-in (for 64GB of storage), but you’ll get a device that can run the latest version of iOS, and it can pull music from iTunes (on Windows) or Apple Music (on the Mac). What to do instead? Get a used iPhone, or a new iPhone SE - and just use it on Wi-Fi. You can still find used models out there, but don’t expect them to be supported for much longer. The iPod Touch was the last dedicated music player in Apple’s lineup, but it was officially discontinued in May 2022. But if you’ve gotten this far, here’s what I can recommend, more than two decades after the iPod was first released. They’re not all great, and they generally come with some caveats. But if you really want a dedicated device for your music - or, maybe, a parentally curated set of songs to give to a kid who’s not ready for a phone - there are still MP3 device options out there. Android phones, too, can play whatever music files you can load them up with. Now, truth be told, if any of that applies to you, you still don’t need an MP3 player - your iPhone can still sync music files from iTunes (on Windows) or the Apple Music app (on Mac), and it probably has more storage space than your old iPod ever did. Maybe you’ve got one too many subscriptions already, so why pay for one more when you already have a music library of thousands of MP3 files sitting on your hard drive? Some of you, meanwhile, have meticulously crafted iTunes playlists, like mix tapes of old, that you don’t want to recreate or transfer to another service, or rare, one-off live tracks that don’t exist on mainstream services. And the tracks are downloadable, too, so you can listen to your music even when you leave a Wi-Fi or cellular coverage area. You pay your $5 to $10 a month, and you get access to nearly every popular song ever recorded. Any iPhone or Android phone is an audio player that works with subscription music apps like Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Amazon Music or YouTube Music. With this Spotify converter, you can download any content from Spotify and convert them into six audio formats while retaining its original sound quality.Standalone MP3 players dominated pop culture for a long time, but in 2023 almost no one needs one. Here we do recommend Tunelf Spotibeat Music Converter to you.Īs a uber-super and professional-grade music converter for Spotify, Tunelf Spotibeat Music Converter can complete the download and conversion of Spotify music at a 5× faster speed. So, you could download your favorite Spotify songs to Mighty for playing without a Premium account. And you can store dozens of playlists, hundreds of hours of music, podcasts, or stories. Mighty’s storage space is larger than you think. Fortunately, with the help of a third-party tool like Spotify music converter, you can also get Spotify music on Mighty. So, if you want to listen to your playlists from Spotify on Mighty, you need to subscribe to any Premium plan on Spotify. Mighty can be used in every country where Spotify is available, but Mighty’s audience is limited to Spotify Premium users. How to Play Spotify on Mighty without Premium Taking into account the calibration constant of the capillary tube, these highly precise instruments report data in scientific units of mm 2/s, or centistokes (1 cSt = 1 mm 2/s). A measured sample volume of the fluid flows under the influence of gravity between two etched lines on the tube, and the time of flow is recorded. The petroleum refining industry is a major user of capillary viscometers (Figure 2), which like the flow cups, also measure kinematic viscosity. This type of measurement, where gravity is the driving force, is referred to as kinematic viscosity. As the ink level in the cup goes down, the shear rate at the orifice decreases because the weight of the ink remaining in the cup is less and less. The shearing action on the ink takes place at the orifice on the bottom of the cup. Returning to the cup method, note that this type of test uses the force of gravity to drain the ink out of the cup. This analytical procedure for simulating the shearing action with an instrument is the key to predicting flow behavior and leads to the selection of an appropriate viscometer to perform the test work that is required. For inks, the use of a rotational viscometer running at different speeds can simulate, in part, what is happening to the ink during transfer to a substrate. The “shearing action” that the material will undergo is the analysis that we want to focus on. When testing inks, or any material that flows, it is important to think about how the material will be processed or handled when in use. The problem turned out to be a matter of understanding “shear rate” and how it can affect the viscosity of the ink. But the cup method could not always discriminate successfully between inks that proved acceptable and those that were marginal or outright poor performers. This became one of the earliest quality control (QC) tests that checked systematically for viscosity in a quantifiable way. The cups were relatively inexpensive and anyone working the press could easily learn how to make the measurement. Printers developed a more scientific approach to viscosity measurement by using cups with holes in the bottom to measure how much time it would take to drain the ink (Figure 1). This rubbing action was, in essence, a viscosity test, the objective being to tell how much resistance was felt between thumb and forefinger. There was a time when pressmen could tell by rubbing an ink between their fingers as to how well it would perform “on press”. When the ink is too thick, smearing may result during printing too thin and there can be serious fading of the printed image. The printing ink industry is one of the best examples to illustrate the need for viscosity measurement. The only alternative in these situations is to find the proper authority at the manufacturer and obtain the relevant test details. To perform a valid verification check and confirm that the material is within specification requires a duplication of the test method used by the manufacturer. Data sheets for some polymer solutions, for example, may include a discrete number like 4,500 centipoise (cP), but no further information about how the measurement was made, not even the test temperature at which the polymer was measured. Raw materials in the chemical process industries (CPI) usually have a reported viscosity value on the data sheet that accompanies the product. Experiments have shown that the viscosity values obtained at 0.1 or 0.01 rpm can be several orders of magnitude higher than the one recorded at 20 rpm. When pumping asphalt, the startup torque required to get the pump going initially suggests that a second viscosity test at a much lower rotational speed makes sense. However, this straightforward single-point test does not provide the complete picture for asphalt flow behavior. Record the viscosity value, make sure that it falls within prescribed maximum and minimum limits, and then report whether the number passes or fails. The standard test method for pumpability, according to ASTM D4402, is to use a regular viscosity (RV) torque rotational viscometer at 20 rpm or a low viscosity (LV) instrument at 12 rpm. An important concept, sometimes forgotten, is that a material’s viscosity is not a single-point measurement, but often depends on a number of factors. This article reacquaints the reader with the basic concepts and terminology for viscosity and addresses techniques to quantify it. The bottom line is to come up with ways to measure viscosity so that you can quantify whether a material will flow the way it needs to. For handlers of all materials that flow, either while being processed or in an end-use, it is important to think about the materials’ flow characteristics. To be brief, viscosity is resistance to flow. Most engineers know what viscosity is, but may have trouble explaining it. |
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